中元普度,是臺灣規模最大的民間信仰儀式之一,是深具文化性、地方性的年節民俗。源於自古以來「尊神事鬼」習俗、佛教的「盂蘭盆會」及道教的「中元」與地官赦罪日,相融合的民俗活動,遍及漢人移民社會,在臺灣保留文化最完整。 從農曆七月一日「開鬼門」到七月底「關鬼門」,整整一個月的祭典以月中之「中元」最盛大。
中元擺設供品祭拜神鬼、進行普度的民俗遍及全臺,家戶祀祖拜鬼,進行家普,普度孤幽、慶讚中元、祭祀祖先、拜地基主,或有氏族宗親在各自宗祠的普度,稱為「私普」;「公普」則有諸如各村庄大小寺廟在廟埕「廟普」;路街店舖在街道搭棚佈壇的「街路普」和大型市場的「市仔普」;各灌溉圳渠於圳頭的「圳頭普」;亦有機關學校、公司行號、團體,排桌普度。
在結合傳統神鬼巫術與道教佛教信仰的思想體系與科儀中,中元普度藉著「豎燈篙」、「放水燈」儀式,將天界的神佛、地界和水界的鬼魂精靈都禮請、召引來壇前,或作法超度、誦經化解,或供祭布施,化解紛爭、褒揚義民,以慈悲博愛精神包容萬物,願亡魂超脫苦難進入幸福安樂境界,這是臺灣中元普度的宇宙觀與哲學。
中元普度的儀式與對象常與各地的歷史事件有關,除了各路無主孤魂,還有械鬥的犧牲者、參與平亂的義民、戰爭的亡魂等,儀式也各有特色,例如宜蘭放水燈、頭城搶孤、土城大墓公中元祭典、民雄大士爺祭典、竹塹中元城隍祭典、安平鎮城隍廟公普、港口宮十一角頭中元祭、安平靈濟殿孤棚祭、艋舺龍山寺中元盂蘭盆勝會、普度燈、恆春搶孤及爬孤棚等。登錄為重要民俗的有「雞籠中元祭」、「褒忠亭義民節祭典」。
Zhongyuan Purdue is one of the largest folk ceremonies in Taiwan, and an annual festival that embodies cultural significance and local characteristics. Its origin may be traced to the ancient practice of “paying respect to the gods and ghosts”. The Buddhist Yulanpen Festival and Taoist Zhongyuan and Earth Official Day of Absolution of Sins have been integrated with folk activities, transforming into a heritage that has permeated the Chinese immigrant societies, which is preserved most comprehensively in Taiwan. In the lunar calendar, the month-long celebration starts with the gates of hell opening on July 1st to gate-closing at the end of July, with Zhongyuan Festival in mid-month being the grandest in scale.
The display of food offerings for the gods and ghosts during Zhongyuan Purdue is practiced all across Taiwan. Every household would conduct a family ritual to pay respect to ancestors, and celebrate Zhongyuan by making offerings to wandering ghosts or the Guardian of the House. Or, each clan may set up offerings at their own ancestral halls. The family or clan ceremonies are considered “private Purdues”. A public Purdue would include rituals held at the squares in front of various large or small temples at each village. There are also many other varieties, such as the “street Purdue” held in tents and altars set up by shops along the road, “market Purdue” set up in large markets, “canal Purdue” set up at the beginning of each irrigation canal, or the arrangement of offering tables in a row by institutions, schools, companies,and social communities.
In an ideological system with rituals that integrate traditional witchcraft and beliefs in Taoism as well as Buddhism, Zhongyuan Purdue extends invitations to heavenly gods and buddhas, and earthly or water-realm ghosts and spirits through the rituals of "hanging lanterns vertically on bamboo sticks", and "releasing water lanterns".After the spiritual beings are summoned to the altar, religious rites are conductedfor transcendence, including chanting of sutra to resolve any grievances. Other offerings are made to resolve conflicts and honor the righteous, to be tolerant of all things in the principle of compassion and unconditional love, wishing for the deceased to transcend suffering and enter the realm of joy - that is the cosmology and philosophy of Zhongyuan Purdue in Taiwan.
The Zhongyuan Purdue ritual and intended audience often vary depending on the historical occurrences at each locale. The target population may include various lost and wandering ghosts, victims of fights, the righteous who helped to suppress unrest, and people who died in wars, etc. Rituals with unique characteristics include the release of water lantern in Yilan, pole-climbing competition in Toucheng Township, Tucheng Great Tomb Zhongyuan ritual festival, Minxiong Township Dashiye Temple ritual, Zhuqian City Zhongyuan City God ritual, Ping’an City public Purdue ritual at the City God Temple, Zhongyuan ritual held at Gangkou Temple organized in turn by eleven settlements, Tainan Anping District Lingji Temple wandering spirit tent ritual, Mengjia Longshan Temple Zhongyuan Yulanpen Festival, Purdue Lantern, and Hengchun Township Pole Climbing and Flag Snatching Competition. The events that have been registered as important folk customs are “Keelung Zhongyuan Ritual”, and “Baozhong Pavilion Yimin Festival”.